Topics. 1. Alliance for Progress 2. Neoliberalism 3. The American Century 4. Import Substitution Industrialization 5. Populism 6. Liberation Theology
People. 1. Juan Peron 2. Evo Morales 3. Hugo Chavez 4. Augusto Pinochet 5. Ernesto Cardenal 6. Che Guevara
Directions. Briefly research the basic meaning and contents of the 6 topics above. Then do the same for the 6 people above. Then find a relationship between one of the topics and one of the people. In the blog under Assignment 2, explain the content of the topic, identify the individual and describe the relationship you have discovered between the topic and the person.
I provide an example using a different topic and person than those in your list.
Topic – Sandinismo (English—Sandinism) Person – Daniel Ortega
Sandinismo is a social and political movement that arose after the assassination of Augusto Sandino in 1934. Sandino had been a Nicaraguan rebel who fought successfully in the late 1920s and early 1930s against U.S. Marines occupying the country. Invited to peace talks in Februay 1934, Sandino was betrayed and assassinated. The movement that carries his name lingered in Nicaragua for forty years until the start of a revolution in the 1970s that overthrew the U.S. sponsored dictatorship of Anastasio Somoza. Danial Ortega was fighter in the Sandinista revolution. He rose through the military ranks of the Sandinista army and upon their successful overthrow of the Somoza government, Ortega became a ruling member of the revolutionary Sandinista government. Since then he has been elected president of Nicaragua three times. The core of Ortega’s official ideology derives from the principles of anti-Americanism developed by Augusto Sandino now called Sandinismo.
Topic-Liberation Theology Person-Ernesto Cardenal
ReplyDeleteLiberation theology translates all of the teachings of Jesus Christ in order to relate to the freeing of people from unfair social, economic, and political states. It refers to a political movement in Christianity very popular in the 1960s through 1980s in Latin America. Also, it often is popular in areas that are facing oppression and is widespread among the poor. Ernesto Cardenal, commonly known as Reverend Father Ernesto Cardenal Martinez, is from Granada, Nicaragua and is very well known for his part in liberation theology. Even though he came from an upper class family, Cardenal was exposed greatly to the effects of an unfair government on the Latin American people. Cardenal is a radical priest that is a large advocate for the poor, which played a large role in his involvement in liberation theology. He saw with his own eyes what the poor had to endure. However, liberation theology is seen as problematic to many, especially the Roman Catholic Church because they believe they have a better option of hope for the poor. Pope John Paul II openly reprimanded a kneeling Cardenal for his work in it. Today, liberation theology is very uncommon but Ernesto Cardenal is still a major supporter of it.
Topics: Liberation Theory and Evo Morales
ReplyDeleteAfter researching the topics, I found two that have an interesting convergence. They diverge not in ideology, but in practice. The Liberation Theory was a term first used in 1973 by Gustavo Gutierrez who was a Roman Catholic priest from Peru. Esoteric to Latin Americans the Liberation Theory is a school of thought derived from the church that insists the focus of their work should be to liberate people from poverty and subjugation. Inspired after the Vatican II this ideology is particular to Roman Catholics in Latin America, for others criticize its Marxist undertones. Followers of the Liberation Theory are supportive of revolutionary movements and critical of government policies. They believe that being people of faith should make them practitioners of what they believe. As Marx saw a dual-class society, the oppressors and the oppressed, so too does this group. Though they use Marx as a tool for social analysis, unlike Marx Liberation Theorists believe as instruments of God they the power themselves to rectify society.
Evo Morales is the eightieth President of Bolivia and is known as “Evo, the wrath of God”. He belongs to the Movement for Socialist party and since 2006 has implemented leftist policies including a new constitution. Morales advocates the constitution was drafted in the likeness of Marxist Tribalism and promotes the return of Pagan religious traditions predating the discovery of America that include tribal cults. Trying to create a syncretism between Catholicism and ancient religions, Morales has created enemies in the Catholic Church. His political policies aim to empower the poor and equalize the country. Morales desires to end the interference of American and corporate power in Bolivia’s economy to become more self-sufficient.
I find the connection between these two to be intriguing. Both based in Marxist traditions, they propound classlessness and charity. Evo Morales would support the idea of Liberation Theory wholly were it not so stringently Catholic. Likewise supporters of the theory would embrace Morales as a leader if only he believed in devoting Bolivia to the church as it has been in the past. With conceptually identical beliefs, advocates for either group would quickly dismiss the other. Much how Christianity, Judaism, and Islam believe in the same God but in practice disagree fervently.
Import Substitution Industrialization is a form of government that started in Latin America during the Great Depression of the 1930's. It was seen as a way to get Latin America to depend less on imports and more in its local production. They wanted the nation to produce products for its own used instead of for exporting Latin American goods. The movement was influenced by the Italian government. Juan Peron was the leader of Argentina at the time the movement started there. He was a general and diplomat that was elected to be president 3 times.IN his 1951-1955 term (2nd term) the economy became stagnant and when Peron tried to legalize prostitution and divorce he was excommunicated and lived in exile for 18 years. The last time came after he was exiled for 18 years. His policies were populist and favored the working class. His style of government is known as "Peronism" and is still used in Argentina today. It incorporates nationalism, international political independence and strong government. His terms were not without their issues.
ReplyDeletePopulism can be defined as an ideology, political philosophy, or another type of discourse. Basically it is believed to be what is the popular decision 'of the people'. It is the popular demand, or popular belief. The Cambridge Dictionary defines it as "political ideas and activities that are intended to represent ordinary people's needs and wishes". Basically whatever would appeal to the average American, or Cuban, or Mexican, or whatever country you live in. I incorporated Che Guevara with this. Not because he was the average kind of guy or a lot of people were like him, because this was not the case at all actually. He was a radical Marxist (Communist) revolutionary. Basically what the United States were afraid of. But he was doing it to try to help the people. As he traveled through mostly Cuba, but other parts of Latin America, he saw a lot of poverty. There were rich people, but the majority, or the average guys, were poor. That is where I tie in the Populism. He wanted to help the average people by bringing them justice and Socialist reform, so everybody could share the wealth. He and the Castros helped overthrow Fulgencio Batista, leader of Cuba, who was backed by the United States. So Guevara was no friend of the US. He also played a big role in the Bay of Pigs Invasion, on the side of Cuba, who ultimately won that battle, as JFK refused to bomb Cuba. He brought nuclear missiles to Cuba as well from the Soviet Union. He practiced this in other places as well such as Congo and Bolivia, but when he went to what he was told was a 'peace talk' he was killed.
ReplyDeleteTopic- Neoliberalism; Person-Hugo Chavez
ReplyDeleteNeoliberalism is a movement which works to move control of the economy from a public to private operation. It functions in hopes that it will improve the government and economic health. There are several policy implications that fall under neoliberalism such as: fiscal policy, interest rates, exchange rates, redirection of public spending, trade liberalization, and deregulation. A major advocate of neoliberalism was Augusto Pinochet. He was Commander-In-Chief of the Chilean army who overthrew Salvador Allende's socialist government and he was appointed President of the nation by a joint decree. The new government implemented privatization of social security and many state controlled industries, currency stabilization, and economic reforms. These policies were referred to as the "Miracle of Chile." He and his regime were also characterized as fascist. Several of Augusto Pinochet's policies in neoliberalism continued after the termination of his dictatorship.
The Alliance for progress was initiated by John F. Kennedy in 1961 as a way to establish economic cooperation between the U.S. and South America. It called for an annual increase of 2.5% in per capita income, the establishment of democratic governments, the elimination of adult illiteracy by 1970, price stability, to avoid inflation or deflation, and more equitable income distribution, land reform, and economic and social planning. The plan included an investment by the U.S. of 80 billion dollars over 10 years.
ReplyDeleteNeoliberalism refers to a ploitical movement that advocates free trade and open Markets. It states that governments should not have large deficits that would need to be paid back by future citizens and only use short-term debt for finacing government projects. It advocates only moderate taxes and to let markets control interest rates.
The American Century is a term that is used to discribe the dominance of the U.S. in political, economic, and cultural terms throughout much of the 20th century. It particularrly refers to post WWII when the U.S. and the Soviet Union were the only two superpowers remaining.
Import Substitution Industrialization is a trade and economic policy that promotes more domestic production and less forien imports.
Populism refers to a political philosophy that pits the “people” against the “elite”. It favors the ordinary peoples needs and wants over that of of the wealthy.
Liberation Theology is a political movement within Christian theology that uses the teachings of Jesus Christ to free people from unjust economic, political, and social policys. This began as a movement in the Roman Catholic church in Latin America in the 1950’s and 60’s.
Juan Peron was an Argentine General and diplomat who sered as the President of Argentina. His policies favored the working class and made him a popular leader and the most influential Argintine polititian of the 21st century. He increased rights for workers, improved the infrastructure and improved the economy. He was of the Populism school of political philosophy that favors the working class over the elite.
ReplyDeleteEvo Morales is both a polititian and activist who has served as the 80th President of Bolivia since 2006. He is a socialist and has implimented leftist policies introducing a new constitution, land reforms, and opposes U.S. involvement in the country’s politics. Evo morales is also of the Populism school of political philosiphy which is evident in his policies such as raising teachers salaries, and raiing the minimum wage.
Hugo Chavez is the 61st President of Venezuela and the former leader of th Fith Republic Movement. He ended term restrictions and set himself up as the President of Venezuela for life. He is a socialist and also identifies himself as a Populist.
Augusto Pinochet was a Chilean Army General and dictator who assumed power in 1973 in a coup. By the time of his death in 2006 300 criminal charges were filed against him for numerous human rights violations. He was accused of corruptly amassing a wealth of over 28 million dollars during his rule. He was a Neoliberalist and was determined to exterminate leftism in Chile and to reassert free-market policies in the country’s economy.
Ernesto Cardenal is a nicaraguan Catholic Priest, a poet, and a politician. He is known as a famous liberation theologian and the founder of the primitivist art community in the Solentiname Islands. He was repremanded by Pope John Paul II for promoting a liberation theology that was divergent from Roman Catholicism.
Che Guevara was an Argentine Marxist revoloutionary. He was born in 1928 and was educated as a doctor. In 1956 he went to Cuba with Fidel Castro in an attempt to overthrow the government of Fulgencio Batista. Following the Cuban Revolution he performed a number of key roles in Castro’s new government including reviewing appeals for firing squads for convicted war criminals. E played a central role in training malitia forces to repel the Bay of Pigs Invasion. He also played a key role in bringing Soviet missles to Cuba sparking the Cuban Missile Crisis. He left Cuba in 1965 and joined the revolution in Bolivia where he was captured by Bolivian forces and exicuted.
You did the research which is good, but you didn't do the assignment which was to pick two topics and connect them historically.
DeleteTopic: Liberation Theology Person: Ernesto Cardenal
ReplyDeleteLiberation Theology is the teaching of Jesus Christ in terns of liberation from difficult economic, political, and social conditions. When one interprets this idea, they think of it as the Christian faith through the poor’s suffering. It began as a movement in the Roman Catholic Church in Latin America. It was a moral reaction to poverty caused by social injustice. Ernesto Cardenal is a Catholic priest, poet, and politician. He is also a famous liberation theologian and was Nicaragua’s minister of culture. He integrated religious and political positions into this powerful movement (Liberation Theology) despite all of the opposition from the church and government. Its main goal was to end oppression especially of the poorest and those forced into silence. IT was also a radical movement that allowed priest to marry and empowering women who had never had a voice in the hierarchy.
Topic: Populism Person: Hugo Chavez
Populism is the idea or philosophy that focuses on standing up for the rights of the common people instead of the government. It is a movement that started in 1891 which worked to improve the conditions of the farmers and they were their own third-party. Hugo Chavez is the President of Venezuela. He was the leader of the Fifth Republic Movement until he became the leader of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela. He focused on having social reforms as part of a social project. Populism is showing up more and more under Hugo Chavez. But many think that his ideas are the blueprint of the traditional populist nationalism. He is one of the most outspoken critics of U.S. foreign policy.
Topic: Import Substitutional Industrialization Person: Juan Peron
Import Substitutional Industrialization is a trade and economic policy. This is used to advocate replacing the foreign imports with domestic products. This idea is that the country should try to reduce the foreign trade and dependency through local production. Juan Peron is an Argentine military officer and politician. He was the President of Argentina. While he was there, there was an underlying economic weakness. Because of this, it led to the ideas of following the policy of national industrialization. This was based on the import substitutional industrialization.
Topic: The American Century Person: Evo Morales
The American Century is what is being used to identify the United States and their power during the 20th century; this dealt with all aspects including politics, economics, and cultural terms. Their influence was growing more and more and it was extremely dominant. After the lowering of the Soviet Union, the U.S. remained the only superpower. Evo Morales is a Bolivian politician and activist. He is the leader of the Movement for Socialism. During his time, his focuses were implementing a new constitution, land reforms, and opposing the United States and the corporate involvement. He was one of the main people that were in the anti-U.S. sentiments, anti-Americanism, and nationalism. He was going against and trying to end the American Century.
Topic: Alliance for Progress Person: Che Guevara
The Alliance for progress was made to set up an economic cooperation between South America and the United States. The main focus was to set up to help Latin America, especially with modernizing their economies and political structures. The tools that they used were aid and trade. The U.S. wanted to help Latin America achieve 2.5% annual growth, democratize their government, carry out sweeping landforms, and eliminate adult illiteracy. Che Guevara was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary and a major figure of the Cuban Revolution. He traveled throughout Latin America and was transformed by the poverty and alienation he had witnessed there. He had given tree speeches at the meeting for Alliance for Progress in August of 1961. These talked about the process of the U.S. offering financial aid to Latin America and getting profit and control in return.
You did a bit of research which is good, but you didn't complete the assignment which asks you to connect a topic with an individual within a historical context.
DeleteTopic: Liberation Theology Person:Ernesto Cardenal
ReplyDeleteLiberation Theology-A movement in Christian theology, developed mainly by Latin American Roman Catholics, that emphasizes liberation from social, political, and economic oppression as an anticipation of ultimate salvation. Many people in latin america was treated poorly and had no help to find freedom from there pain and suffering. It was also a movement that carried the teachings of Jesus Christ. Ernesto Cardenal was born into an upper class family in Granada, Nicaragua. In 1965 he became a priest in Granada.Cardenal took an active part in the Sandinista revolution that ousted Anastasio Somoza in July 1979, and he became minister of culture in the new government. Father Ernesto Cardenal was a radical activist who came to the rescue of many people in latin america because of how they was treated by the government. He shared the spiritual words of Jesus Christ to get this Christian movement off the ground.
Topic: Populism Person: Juan Peron
ReplyDeletePopulism is a type of ideology or philosophy. It basically strives for social and political change. It is seen as a political discourse that appeals to general population of people. Juan Peron was a populist dictator that rose to power in 1946 in Latin Argentina. He become known for his popular opinion he made among the working and labor unions. Peron was truly a leader for the people. He wanted social justice and economic independence. Peron made social security universal, education was free, paid vacations became regular, workers received medical care, and new mothers were given 3 paid months off. Peron did all these things because he fought for the people of Latin American, however Peron got overthrown by the military. Peron was truly a populist leader caring about the working class than what the elite wanted. He wanted to close the gap of the classes by increasing wages and employment. His plan was short lived and his plans fell apart which is when the military took over. Even though his plans did not last they were efforts of a true populist.
Hugo Chavez is the current President of Venezuela (the 61st president). He is the Leader of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela. Prior to this leadership, he was the leader of the 5th Republic Movement. He was extremely big on social reforms and focuses on social issues. Hugo Chavez’s views contained Marxism—which are related to populism. Populism is the idea, which focuses on the people rather than the government. Basically populism could be translated into “for the people”. This idea of focusing on the people rather than the government came about in the late 1800’s where conditions were improved for farmers. The idea of populism is to secure the rights of the individuals in the area and letting them have say in decisions rather than the government having total control. Chavez is all about the people and their rights in Venezuela, he continues to work with social issues to this day in his presidency.
ReplyDeleteTopic Neoliberalism Person Augusto Pinochet
ReplyDeleteNeoliberalism is the governments take over of all nationalized industries and turns them into private in hope to stabilize the economy. This primarily happens in a country where a dictator is present. When the governments do this though it can be for one of two things the dictator can actually want to help the country and try and get them back on their feet. Or the dictator is trying to gain absolute power by controlling the countries economic welfare. General of the Chilean army and later Dictator of Chile Augusto Pinochet overthrew the Salvador Allende's socialist government. Then later was elected President. Augusto Pinochet was known for the "Miracle of Chile.” Where he faced a country that faced economic turmoil. He was able to turn around the economy and get chili back on track. He did this by privatizing social security and free trade.
Topic – Alliance for Progress, Person – Che Guevara
ReplyDeleteDuring a time that relations between Latin America and the United States were at an all time low this was put into place. Latin America had supported the United States during World War II. They were able to keep supporting the U.S. with vital resources while keeping the price of them low. After the war, Latin America was upset because they thought they deserved economic assistance for helping the United States out during the war. This became very apparent when Vice President Nixon’s car was attacked by a mob driving through the region in 1958. Che Guevara was an Argentinian Marxist who had a part in the Cuban Revolutionary. He was a physician, author, guerrilla leader, and military theorist. After finishing his education at the University of Buenos Aires he started working for Fidel Castro. During the Alliance for Progress initiation, Guevara had a number of speeches talking about the process of rebuilding Latin America and its economy.
Person: Juan Peron Topic: populism
ReplyDeleteJuan Peron was a populist dictator that rose to power in 1946, riding a wave of popular opinion he had received from Argentina's working class and labor unions.
Topic- Import Substitution Industrialization People- Evo Morales
ReplyDeleteEvo Morales was the president of Bolivia. He believed that Bolivia should be less dependent on other countries especially the United States. He showed the importance of taking care of your own land, and creating your own products within your own land. This idea that he used is also called Import Substitution Industrialization. I believe he was great for this position because he was not born in a rich family. Instead he knew what is like to do work in the fields for many hours. He also knew that people who did this manual labor needed to be appreciated for all of the work that they were doing to improve the land.
Import Substitution Industrialization, is defined by Wikipedia as, “a trade and economic policy that advocates replacing foreign imports with domestic production. Much of this work started in Latin America with thinkers such as Evo Morales. This then helped build their economies to become less dependent and more independent. The tariffs and quotas put on the goods helped Evo Morales keep his goal of making Bolivia a more self-sustainable country.
I spaced out and researched all 6 subjects and wrote paragraphs for all of them. So here are three of the subjects (since I have them I might as well share).
ReplyDeleteAugusto Pinochet was a Chilean army general and dictator who assumed power from President Allende in 1973. He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean army from 1973 to 1998, president of the Government Junta of Chile from 1973 to 1981. Along with all of these positions, Pinochet was the President of the Republic from 1974 until power was moved to a democratically elected president in 1990. The term that goes along with Pinochet is The American Century. The American Century deals with the idea that the U.S. was a dominant force in the 20th century and had a great influence on many of the things that occurred in the world (especially things that happened after WWII. The reason these two go together is because as soon as Pinochet became the leader in Chile, the U.S. began giving aid to Chile. The U.S. felt the need to be involved in mass amounts of things going on in the world in the 20th century (sence of imperialism), causing an ashamed “American Century” time. Pinochet was a major beneficiary of the United States help at this time.
Hugo Chavez was a critic of neoliberalism (movement that advocated economic liberalizations, open markets and free trade (enhances the role of the private sector in modern society). The connection between the two comes because Chavez was not a fan of U.S. foreign policy, so he made allies with Cuban leaders, Evo Morales (Bolivia), and many other leaders that made movements during his time as president known as the "pink tide". Chavez was a nationalist and a radical populist, so his views and presidency strongly opposed the idea of neoliberalism.
Ernesto Cardenal was a Catholic Priest from Nicaragua and was a very famous liberation theologian. Liberation Theology interprets Jesus Christ's teachings in a liberation manor of cruel/unjust social, political, and economic conditions. This movement was huge in Latin America in the 1950s-1960s because of reactions to social injustice that was occurring there. Cardenal was the minister of culture for Nicaragua from 1979-1987 where he promoted Liberation Theology.
Augusto Pinochet was a ruler of the country Chile from the mid-seventies all the way to the early nineties. He took control of the country because of a military Coup de Tat where he became military leader. This man was different than most usual dictators because he did have connections with a term called neoliberalism. Neoliberalism is a way to transfer the power over the economy from the public control over to the private sector. It has many similarities with a more conservative or libertarian view point in the current U.S. way of looking at politics. Some points that Augusto Pinochet used to help the country of Chile were to privatize social security and make a more stable form of currency in this country. There were also though truths about this leader’s control over the people including mass torturing included women and children. So even though the leader was eventually elected into office through democratic process, Augusto Pinochet did not get his position from a “lack of power” for sure.
ReplyDeleteBrad,
DeleteJust for the record, when after 16 years of dictatorship Pinochet felt compelled to hold an election, he was voted out of office overwhelmingly. He was NEVER voted into office.
Liberation theology can best be described as a Latin American, Roman Catholic movement that finds in the Gospel a call to free people from political, social, and material oppression. It works on the basis of expressing religious faith by helping the poor and working for political and social change. Bishops that believed that big industrialized nations were gaining power and wealth at the expense of the poor and less fortunate started this movement. Liberation theologians believed that God speaks particularly through the poor and that the Bible can be understood only when seen from the perspective of the poor. Ernesto Cardenal is a famous liberation theologian that expressed his views through much of his writing and poetry. He was ordained a catholic priest in Grenada but took a great deal of criticism from Pope John Paul II “for promoting a liberation theology that the prelate found divergent from Roman Catholicism.” He still influences people with his literary works.
ReplyDeleteTopic: Neoliberalism Person: Augusto Pinochet
ReplyDeleteAugusto Pinochet was a Chilean army general and dictator of Chile.
Pinochet tried to maximize the role of the private sector in
determining the political properties of the world. He was a supporter
of economic globalization, which can relate back to neoliberalism.
Although he was authoritarian and ruled dictatorially, Pinochet's
support of neoliberal economic policies and his unwillingness to
support national businesses distinguished him from classical fascists.
Between the 1930s and the late 1970s (the time that Augusto
Pinochet was a strong leader in Chile) most countries in Latin America,
including Chile, used the import substitution industrialization model
(ISI) to build industry and reduce the dependency on imports from
foreign countries; this can tie in with neoliberalism and Augusto Pinochet.
Topic- Import Substitution Industrialization Person- Juan Peron
ReplyDeleteISI is a trade and economic policy that advocates replacing foreign imports with domestic production. While Juan Peron was the President of Argentina, he faced economic hardship. Because of this, he cut off foreign imports and implemented a system to increased local production of these products. When Peron became president, one of his first goals was economic independence. Perón instructed his economic advisors to develop a five-year plan with the goals of increasing workers' pay, achieving full employment, stimulating industrial growth of over 40% while diversifying the sector and greatly improving transportation, communication, energy and social infrastructure. He hoped this would make the nation more individualized, and less reliant on foreign trade.Peron also introduced labour courts and as the country's labor force numbered around 5 million people at the time, Argentina's labor force was the most unionized in Latin America